Critically Evaluate Which Criminological Theories Link...

Critically evaluate which criminological theories link with the explanations given by the author for their criminality in the account you have read. Your answer must make reference to specific criminological theories/theorists. Forsyth, S. (2009). Slave Girl. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a popular modern day crime, which comes under the category of slavery. This includes the transport and the trade of other humans, otherwise known as the victims. This is done as a purpose of work. On average the human trafficking industry can equate to $32 billion a year. (SAAS )Around the world, about 2.5 million people are smuggled in to the trafficking industry at any time, according to records from the U.N. (SAAS) A number of humans are smuggled for trafficking on the terms of diversity, and these are for different reasons. Typically men who are trafficked are released into hard labour work with no benefits for themselves, sometimes including the basic human needs. Young boys who are trafficked are released into typically released into the fishing industry and agriculture; this is then leaving the women and the young girls to be released into forced prostitution. HTSM (2007) Not all humans who are smuggled are released into a form of trafficking; however, all humans who are trafficked are victims of slavery. When a human is the process of being trafficked, they would remove them from all familiar surroundings (unknown), and ensure that they

Enron The World s Largest Energy Company - 1778 Words

Introduction and Company Background – ALI - DONE Enron was incorporated as an energy company in 1985. Headquartered in Houston, Texas, Enron was the world’s largest energy company by the end of 2001, responsible for 25% of the world’s contracts for energy trading. Enron was a strong company, holding a steady position in Fortune’s 100 best companies to work for and a sign in the company’s lobby that read â€Å"WORLD’S LEADING COMPANY†. Being an employee of Enron definitely had its perks as well. â€Å"Employees at Enron’s headquarters had access to an on-site health club, subsidized Starbucks coffee, concierge service that included massages, and car washes, all for free. Those employees with Enron Broadband received free Palm Pilots, free cell phones, and free wireless laptops† (Jennings 233). It appeared as though the company had everything going for them, but it wouldn’t be long before the company took a tur n for the worse. In late 2001, â€Å"a week following credit agencies’ downgrading of its debt to ‘junk’ grade, Enron filed for bankruptcy,† the largest recorded bankruptcy in the United States ($62 billion) at that time (Jennings 233). Enron was the result of a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth. The company benefitted from being the first mover in their market, setting an internal growth strategy at an aggressive increase in revenue of 15% per year. â€Å"It became the largest energy trader in the world, with $40 billion in revenue in 1998, $60 billion in 1999, andShow MoreRelatedEnron‚Äà ´s Demise ~ Where There Warning Signs?1408 Words   |  6 PagesBaldwin Management Decision Making-Summer 2013 C. Forest Guest July 14, 2013 Executive Summary Enron is a company which headquarters is located in Houston, Texas. Enron was first headed by Samuel F. Segnar. Enron was the result of InterNorth’s acquisition of Houston Natural Gas in 1985. 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I will discuss the leadership, management, and organizational structure of the company and how this failure could have been prevented. Company Overview Enron Corporation was an American energy company in downtown Houston, Texas. Enron employed more than 22,000 workers and was one of the largest companies dealing with electricity, natural gas, and communications. In the year 2000, Enron claimed revenues of overRead MoreEnron And Its Impact On Corporate Business Practices1124 Words   |  5 PagesEnron Enron is a company infamous for one of the largest scandals in American corporate history. Over twenty thousand employees and thousands of outside investors had billions of dollars worth of shares in the company that positioned the company to be valuated at about 70 billion dollars with shares trading at about 90 dollars a share in 2001. However, from August to November 2001 Enron s stock value dropped to $0.26, and those who had invested in Enron lost billions of dollars within a coupleRead MoreEnron Of Enron And Enron1387 Words   |  6 PagesEnron was formed in 1985 from the merger of two gas companies from Texas and Nebraska. Enron became the first company with all-American network of gas pipelines. In 1997 Enron bought power generating company Portland General Electric Corp. worth $ 2 billion. Before 1997 ended, the management turned the company into Enron Capital Trade Resources which became the largest American companies that trade in natural gas and electricity. Revenue increased dramatically from $ 2 billion to $ 7 billionRead MoreEnron And The Enron Scandal1588 Words   |  7 PagesEnron was a corporation located in Houston, Texas and in just fifteen years the US energy trading and utilities company grew to become one of America’s largest and more successful cooperation’s. Enron suffered a major fall. 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Regulatory Sanction and Legal Liability

Question: Discuss the potential for regulatory sanction and legal liability relating to relating to privacy, defamation and copyright. Illustrate your discussion with reference to relevant examples and cases where possible. Answer: Privacy 1. Freedom of speech: freedom of press is an important aspect of the freedom of speech for the media. Without this right media can be rendered useless, as it is the job of the media to make people know about what is happening around them. It is important that the truth is not suppressed, but then it is also important that someones privacy is not breached. Therefore although the Privacy Laws have exempted media from gathering and disseminating information, it has also put some restrictions through interpretation by case laws and narrowed the definition of News activity, as something that is in public interest (Beattie and Beal, 2007). Hence, in the present case, the media was at fault in publishing something as private about the footballers life as the information was in the nature of public interest, it was only meant for a commercial purpose for XYZ News channel. 2. It is necessary that when private information is collected or disseminated for the viewers or readers the individual whose information is to be made public must be consented first and if the individual consents then the consent could also include changing the facts if they are not correct. In the present case the personal information of Jeff was made public without his consent which forms tort of Invasion of Privacy. In the case of Hosking v Runting, the court of appeal held that tort of invasion of privacy exists where private facts about someone are made public which are offensive in nature and do not fall under the ambit of matters relating to public concerns which could be a possible defence (Aplin, Gurry and Gurry, 2012). 3. Private facts as (discussed above) could amount to tort of invasion of privacy if they are made public without the consent and are not in public interest and are offensive in nature. The definition of private facts has been held to be those facts which as per a prudent person have a reasonable amount of privacy attached to it, according to Television New Zealand Ltd v Rogers the court of appeal stated that personal facts includes intimate personal facts such as health, sexual activity and domestic relations. Therefore the personal information of Jeffs favourite food being pies and his smoking habit comes under the scope of personal facts which are barred from being disseminated by media and would amount to tort of invasion of privacy and would lead to remedies under tort (Butler et al., 2007). 4. Privacy and well-being of a person- the freedom of expression and individuals privacy needs to strike a balance, therefore it is necessary that information that affects the individuals well being and their dignity must not be made public, because every individual has a right to a dignified life (Doyle and Bagaric, 2005). In the case of Campbell v MGN Ltd (2004), Naomi Campbell, a famous model was photographed after leaving from a narcotics clinic. The photograph was published by the newspaper Mirror, Naomi filed for breach of privacy. The House of Lords held that this was a breach of privacy as the model has a right to live with dignity and such a thing if made public can ruthlessly affect the reputation of a person as well as her confidence. The House of Lords considered the act of the media as breach of confidence by misusing private information (Wagner and Sherwin, 2013). Similarly in the present case there has been a misuse of private information of Jeff and has tainted his ca reer by stating his private information as being the cause of his failure in the football match. Defamation: the present case has two scenarios where defamation can be seen: By the gourmet restaurant wherein Jeff states the food to be disgusting which was made public by XYZ channel and the restaurant was eventually closed. In this case, the Jeff had described the food of the Gourmet restaurant as disgusting which was aired by XYZ channel. Here as per the defamation laws both Jeff and XYZ channel can be made liable for defamation as they had spread bad word about the restaurant which has caused them harm. Jeff has actually made the defamatory statement and the XYZ channel has published it. Although innocent publication as well as truth is a defence under the Defamation laws by in this situation that defence is not possible because of the following reasons: 1. The publication done by XYZ was deliberate as they knew that it would harm the reputation of the restaurant, even though they did not mean to defame the restaurant and they were only trying to cover the news of Jeff Star. 2. Jeff Star did not make a true statement as he had no substantiating proof of calling the food as disgusting, although he was only trying to defame the reporter Jock Grubb. Hence, statement passed by Jeff Star was defamatory and no defence can be used by him. Truth along with proof has been considered as the most important factor in the tort of defamation, as held in Fairfax v Coco Roco case, wherein a food critic had made truthful statement about the food but some descriptions made by him could not be proven and therefore he was held liable for defamation (Kenyon, 2016). 3. However in the present case, the damages against Jeff Start and XYZ channel can be mitigated under the Defamation laws as Jeff had apologised for his statement and the same was made public by the XYZ channel. But the apology made cannot be a defence under the laws (Barnett and Harder, 2014). 4. Another instance of defamation was the description of Jeff by XYZ publicly as out of condition and lazy. Jeff Star can file for defamation against Jock Grub and XYZ channel, as the statement made by Jock Grub which was made public by XYZ channel was defamatory and had affected the reputation of Jeff star as being Lazy nad and out of condition. Although the channel has on two occasions proved the truthfulness of the fact that Jeff Start likes his pies and his cigarettes, but the defence of truth and justification shall not apply because of the following reasons: 5. Jock Grub and XYZ channel in order to defend the case on the basis of justification and contextual truth cannot look at the facts of smoking and liking pies in its individual capacity, the defamatory part is the other half of the statement which stated that he was out of condition and lazy in training. Although the fact of Jeff liking pies and smoking was true but this cannot be associated with the contextual truthfulness of the sentence of him also being out of condition and lazy in training. In MacDonald v Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the publication made was that the former minister had made millions over mining deals in NSW. They were found to be corrupt and now face possible criminal charges, it was however further found by the authorities that they were dishonest and been misusing their positions (Barnett and Harder, 2014). Hence in this case there was justification along with contextual imputation of the truth. 5. The defence of justification and of truth fails here as the relevance or contextual implication is wrongly imputed in the present case, as there is no connection in liking pies and smoking with that of a person becoming out of condition and lazy in training. Hence, there was no truth in statements made of being out of condition and lazy in training and hence the defence of justification and contextual truth shall not be applicable (Barnett and Harder, 2014). Copyright When someones original work is used by someone else it amounts to infringement of copyright under the Copyright Act, 1968 (Kenyon, 2016). In the present case in an official reception of the footballers involved sponsors, one of the sponsors took posted the photographs of the event, XYZ channel published one of the photograph that had Jeff Star in it without the permission of the sponsor to whom the photograph belonged. There was an infringement of the copyright that subsisted in the photograph owned by the sponsor. The infringement was because of the following reasons (Knight, 2013): 1. The law of privacy can be enshrined in a persons right over its property. Copyright laws also protect an individuals right to privacy over that property. A photograph is therefore an intellectual property and hence is protected under the copyright act as somebodys property. 2. On various occasions and cases a photograph clicked by somebody has been used by others in such circumstances courts have held that the owner of the photograph had a right over the photograph as it constituted as his property. Like in the case of Ratcliff (a photographer) several of his photographs were used by Sydney Morning Herald without his permission and sued the newspaper for copyright infringement. This amounted to infringement of copyright. 3. Photographs are protected under the copyright laws as being an artistic work, the author of the photograph is the person who took it and the copyright therefore lies with him. In cases where a photograph is commissioned then the copyright lies in the person who commissioned it. Here in this case therefore the sponsor has the copyright of the photograph published by XYZ channel and they are therefore infringing the copyright laws. 4. The sponsor had posted the photograph of the event on his facebook page which is although a public platform but it is only meant for the people whom the sponsor knows, therefore using a photograph of the sponsor would not only amount to copyright infringement because the photographs copyright was vested with the sponsor, but is also a breach of privacy. 5. Even if it is considered that the photographs were already published and hence were in the public domain and therefore they could be used. The law in this respect also protects both published and unpublished work of the author. In cases of unpublished works the author has the right to first publication and in cases of a published work the author has the right to issue the copyright work to public (Davison, Monotti and Wiseman, 2008). 6. In Pro-Seiban Media AG v Carlton UK Television Ltd the court of appeals held that in order to make the information public in it is not necessary to reproduce the document that has a copyright of somebody else, even if the information is made public that could suffice the need of informing the people (Bowrey, Handler and Nicol, 2010). In the present case also, even if we consider that the photograph was used in public interest to inform the people of the truthfulness of the defamatory statement made by the reporter Jock Grub, then also the use of photograph of the sponsor would amount to infringement of copyright as the reproduction of the photograph was not necessary and the information could be let out to public even by a description of the said fact. References Aplin, T., Gurry, F. and Gurry, F. (2012).Gurry on breach of confidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Barnett, K. and Harder, S. (2014).Remedies in Australian private law. Cambridge University Press. Beattie, S. and Beal, E. (2007).Connect + converge. South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. Bowrey, K., Handler, M. and Nicol, D. (2010).Australian intellectual property. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. Butler, D., Rodrick, S., McNamara, L. and Fitzgerald, A. (2007).Australian media law. Sydney: Lawbook Co. Davison, M., Monotti, A. and Wiseman, L. (2008).Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doyle, C. and Bagaric, M. (2005).Privacy law in Australia. Sydney: Federation Press. Kenyon, A. (2016).Comparative defamation and privacy law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Knight, W. (2013).Copyright: The Laws of Australia. Thomson Reuters Australia. Wagner, A. and Sherwin, R. (2013).Law, culture and visual studies. Dordrecht: Springer.

Strategic Plan Of Amazon Research Paper Example

Strategic Plan Of Amazon Paper Amazon operates In two segments: North America and International. The Company provides its customers with the possible lowest prices by using different pricing strategies ND low shipping prices, and more offers through the Amazon prime membership. Amazon offers certain programs that enable certified sellers to sell their products on its websites and to fulfill orders, and takes such responsibility by providing customer service through email, telephone all the times. Strategic Plan Strategic planning plays vital role for business based organizations to be a market leader in the segment and to deliver successful management values to the employees of the organization and consumers of the business. Amazon s the best strategic player in technology and it did not rise to the top on the list by inventing a new product like Apple, Google, Microsoft but it did rise due its strong strategic depth. Amazon Strategic planning involves a set of procedures, policies, and framework and of course content. Beyond these basic elements, Amazon is very good at its strategic planning by anticipating future and managing its supply chain. Amazon does the best by having a formal and integrated plan in place and the process of building the plan itself turns out to be more important than the actual results. Mission and Vision It is very important to have a vision and mission to be successful for a person or an organization; In fact, the vision and mission statements are the key foundational pieces of planning as the mission statement clearly explains why the Company is into business and whats the purpose of organization is. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan Of Amazon specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan Of Amazon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Plan Of Amazon specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mission statements are based upon the following information about the Company Products and services to be offered in the market Ta regret market Differing from competing other business organizations Focusing on short term and long term business goals The purpose of vision statement and mission statements is not the same. Vision statements are different in a way that these statements are built to show where the company is being headed to (Dooms, 2013). Vision statements works as a guidelines for an organization to achieve long-term business goals. It is important to have a vision statement if the strategic planning process built takes the company towards an end goal. Amazon has had a clear focus and a solitary mission since the day it is launched. Founder Jeff Bozos has publicly referred to the Companys mission statement s the guiding force for its successful leadership decision many times in the companys history (Barbara Farman 2012). Amazon Company always has its endless commitment to the mission that is one of the major factor lead the company as a market leader. The mission and vision of Amazon. Mom Our vision is to be earths most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online. Objective Amazon company main objectives are Pricing objective is to earn customer and consumer trust, not to optimize horn-term profit in dollars (Andrea James, 2009) Become the best place to buy, find and discover any product or service available online Goal The Company s ultimate goal is the customer satisfaction along with efficient corporate growth. As Amazon. Mom considers itself a customer centric company, it is obsessed with customer values. The Company not only had the goal of customer satisfaction but also it was and it has to be innovative in many ways to achieve its business expansion. Strategies and Measures Amazon with no doubt will continue to enhance its business, spread ever its brand, expand the customer base and e-commerce expertise with the goal of one stop destination to purchase any type of product in North America and around the world. Few business strategies of the Amazon . Mom are listed below Availability and Fulfillment: Even though it is difficult to deliver the products in within 24 hours Amazon still had some products which can be delivered in a day, and most of the other products takes two to 6 business days according to the consumer choice. Amazon uses e-mail to notify customers with order status under various conditio ns. One lick purchase: The Company offers its customers with a streamlined ordering process using this one click technology, which enables a customer to place an order with just one click. Secure Credit Card Payment: The Company utilizes secure server software for secure card transactions by encrypting all the sensitive information. Browsing and Searching: The Companys websites allows users to search a product with ease and find a product without any difficulty. Review and Content: The Company stores various forms of content just to enhance the customers shopping experience and motivate purchases. Industrial Analysis As the Companys main business is to sell various products and services to the customers and with e-retailing in 2002, the predicted effects were more towards the costs of distribution and changes in shopping preferences and habits, than on the ability to search and purchase online. The products and services Markets, distribution channel and customer behavior Economics of production, distribution or servicing An industrial analysis is more important for an organization as it is quite beneficial for managers to understand the competitive forces acting on and teen the organizations in the same domain (Johnson et al. 2006, app). SOOT Analysis Each and every Organization has its own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well. SOOT analyses have been listed below for Amazon . Com. Strengths Diversification of products and services Technology and skilled personnel Strategic planning and its depth Supply Chain and logistics management Customer-centric driven and its focus on research and development Weakness Not having a physical location Low profit based Less cash flow Opportunities Growth of online shopping in most populated countries like China, India Expansion through qua sections Growth in digital media market Social networking The rats Supply Chain Failure due to weather calamities Patent infringement Dependency on vendors Natural or human disasters.